Leptospirosis
What you need to know about leptospirosis
Last updated 19 November 2025
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What is leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira spp. Leptospirosis is a notifiable animal disease in Singapore, and veterinarians are required to report suspected or confirmed cases to AVS.
Who is at risk of leptospirosis?
Domestic dogs are the main group at risk, though humans can potentially contract it as well.
Is leptospirosis present in Singapore?
Yes, though it is relatively rare. The disease is present worldwide and is more prevalent in tropical climates including in Singapore.
How is leptospirosis transmitted?
Rodents are considered the primary source of infection to pets and human beings. The bacteria are present in the urine and bodily fluids (except saliva) of infected animals. The bacteria are hardy and can remain in the soil or stagnant water for months, making it difficult to eliminate the risk of transmission from the environment.
Animals
Dogs may be exposed through cuts and abrasions of the skin, or through mucous membranes, via direct or indirect contact with urine in water or soil that may be contaminated, such as in areas that are home to rats and other rodents, which are potential carriers of Leptospira.
Humans
Transmission to people usually involves direct contact of the skin and mucous membranes with the urine, body fluids or tissues of infected animals.
Symptoms of leptospirosis
Animals
Early clinical signs can be non-specific.
Dogs are highly susceptible, and affected dogs may present signs such as:
Fever
Lethargy
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Jaundice (yellowing of mucous membranes)
Reduced or absent urination
Loss of appetite
Without prompt veterinary attention, leptospirosis can rapidly progress to acute kidney failure and death. Infected dogs can be treated with antibiotics, but some dogs may still succumb to the infection.
Cats can also become infected and may shed bacteria in their urine for extended periods, though they rarely show symptoms.
Humans
Clinical signs of leptospirosis in humans include:
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches
Jaundice
Red eyes
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Rash
The majority of human cases are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms; in some, the disease can be severe and even fatal.
Leptospirosis is treatable with good recovery outcomes if detected early and treated appropriately. The public is advised to promptly seek medical attention should they develop symptoms. They should practise good personal hygiene at all times, especially after the handling of animals, or if they are in contact with soil or water that may be contaminated by animal urine.
What should I do if I suspect my pet has leptospirosis?
Please bring your pet to your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will assess the animal and inform AVS in the event of a suspected leptospirosis infection.
Do avoid direct handling of or contact with urine and blood from your pet. If necessary, protective coverings such as gloves should be worn. You should also wash your hands with soap after handling the pet or anything that might have the pet's excrement on it. Surfaces that may be contaminated or contain urine from an infected pet should be cleaned using antibacterial cleaning solutions or household bleach.
If your pet is infected with leptospirosis, avoid taking the pet outside and practise good hygiene with thorough handwashing before and after contact with the pets. Avoid contact between sick pets and other animals. You may also wish to seek medical attention to discuss treatment options for yourself and household members.
How can I reduce the risk of leptospirosis infections?
General public
An important preventive measure for pet dogs is vaccination and regular boosters with a polyvalent vaccine. Vaccination lowers the risk of infection, and offers protection from severe disease and hospitalisation.
Dog owners are advised to reduce their dogs’ exposure to water on the ground or soil (e.g. on wet or muddy ground) in areas that can harbour small rodents such as rats, which are potential carriers of Leptospira. Do not let your dog(s) explore, play in, or drink from stagnant water or muddy ground, especially after rain.
Risk of exposure is higher during Singapore’s rainy season, when heavy rainfall and flooding can result in puddles of standing water. Be more vigilant during these periods to protect your pet from potential exposure.
If you see rodents in your estate or neighbourhood, you can contact a pest control company or your Town Councils. You can also make a report on the One Service App. You may find more information on rat control on: https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/pest-control/rat-control.
Owners and caretakers of infected animals
Clinic staff and animal owners are advised to take necessary precautions when handling animals suspected or confirmed to be infected. The use of gloves when handling animals and washing of hands with soap after handling animals are highly recommended. Other appropriate precautions include wearing disposable gowns, shoe covers, face shields, face masks and hairnets.
Surfaces that may be contaminated or contain urine from an infected pet should be cleaned using antibacterial cleaning solutions or household bleach. Leptospira spp. is known to be susceptible to disinfectants including 1% sodium hypochlorite, 70% ethanol, glutaraldehyde, detergents and acid.